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Indigenuos Peoples of Columbia
            
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TOLIMA
There were probably at least two periods, but
archaeological evidence is scarce. During the earlier period, economy
was based on the cultivation of maize. Ceramics are similar to those of
Calima-Yotoco and San Agustin. During the later period, the region was
occupied by Pijao Indians.
GOLDWORKING
During the earlier period, elaboration of pure gold objects: rings,
pendants, and depilating tweezers. In later eras, emphasis was placed on
the use of tumbaga. Production of heart-shaped pectorals.
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The term 'Tolima' has been used
somewhat arbitrarily to refer to a series of cultural manifestations
from the southern part of the Central Cordillera and the Magdalena River
valley, including sites such as Chaparral, Campohermoso, and Saldana, in
the present day Department of Tolima. As in the case of Cauca, the
Tolima archaeological record is not complete. Some evidence, however,
points to two periods of occupation, corresponding, in general terms, to
the trends already described for other parts of southern Colombia.
The ceramic pieces excavated at Chaparral include decorated vessels with
incisions, and their shapes recall the early developments of San Agustin
and Calima. The goldwork found beside these ceramic pieces include ring
shaped nose ornaments, anthropo-zoomorphic pendants ending in half moon
shapes, necklace beads, geometric abstractions of the human figure, and
pendants in the shape of birds and depilating tweezers. These pieces are
reminiscent of developments from the Yotoco phase of Calima. In fact,
some objects corresponding to the area called Tolima have been
discovered in tombs beside Yotoco artifacts. By the same token, Tolima
pieces with bird shaped representations and pendants ending in half moon
shapes have been discovered in tomb excavations in San Agustin.
This body of evidence points to occupation before 900 A.D.
Unfortunately, there is little that can be added to this hypothesis. At
Chaparral excavation sites, the discovery of "manos" and "metates", both
stone grinding instruments, would indicate that in the Tolima area the
earliest manifestations of goldwork are also associated with groups of
maize agriculturists’. There is no evidence, however, concerning
demographic density or settlement patterns.
As usual, our information expands appreciably when discussing later
occupations. In the 1500's, the area was occupied by Pijao Indians.
These societies followed a settlement organization consisting of buts
scattered over the sides of the mountains. Maize, beans, arracacha,
manioc, sweet potato, and other root crops common to the colder climates
are described as being among the most important products of their
economy. Spanish reports suggest that hunting activities were quite
important while fishing was less popular.
In general terms, two classes of Pijao groups are mentioned: those of
the mountains and those of the lowlands. These latter included
communities such as Coyaima and Natagaima which sustained bloody wars
with the Andean Pijaos. However, both the mountain dwellers and the
other Pijaos were governed by similar codes of cultural beliefs.
Extended families banded together to form groups led by warrior
chieftains. In times of peace, each group was independent. In case of
war, diverse groups tended to form alliances under the leadership of the
chief of one of the communities involved.
The ceramics and goldwork produced by later Tolima groups differ greatly
from those created in earlier periods. The pottery is extremely varied.
Tolima goldwork would stand out on the basis of the heart-shaped
pectorals alone. These were made by smelting the metals to create the
copper and gold alloy which was then cast using the lost wax process.
Diverse stone carvings found in this geographic zone depict these
goldwork shapes, which came to be copied in more northern areas,
particularly in the Muisca region. |
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